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Cache a large array: JSON, serialize or var_export?
Monday 06 July 2009 10:30 While developing software like our framework you will need to cache a large data array to a file at some point sooner or later. At such a point you need to choose what caching method you will be using. In this article I will compare three methods: JSON, serialization and var_export() combined with include().
Too curious? Jump right to the results!
JSON
The JSON method uses the json_encode and json_decode functions. The JSON-encoded data is stored as is into a plain text file.
Code example
// Store cache
file_put_contents($cachePath, json_encode($myDataArray));
// Retrieve cache
$myDataArray = json_decode(file_get_contents($cachePath));
pros
- Pretty easy to read when encoded
- Can easily be used outside a PHP application
cons
- Only works with UTF-8 encoded data
- Will not work with objects other than instances of the stdClass class.
Serialization
The serialization method uses the serialize and unserialize functions. The serialized data is, just like the JSON data, stored as is into a plain text file.
Code example
// Store cache
file_put_contents($cachePath, serialize($myDataArray));
// Retrieve cache
$myDataArray = unserialize(file_get_contents($cachePath));
pros
- Does not need the data to be UTF-8 encoded
- Works with instances of classes other than the stdClass class.
cons
- Nearly impossible to read when encoded
- Can not be used outside of a PHP application, without having to write custom functions
Var_export
This method 'encodes' the data using var_export and loads the data using the include statement (no need for file_get_contents!). The encoded data needs to be in a valid PHP file so we wrap the encoded data in the following PHP code:
<?php
return /*var_export output goes here*/;
Code example
// Store cache
file_put_contents($cachePath, "<?php\nreturn " . var_export($myDataArray, true) . ";");
// Retrieve cache
$myDataArray = include($cachePath);
pros
- No need for UTF-8 encoding
- Is very readable (assuming you can read PHP code)
- Retrieving the cache uses one language construct instead of two functions
- When using an opcode cache your cache file will be stored in the opcode cache. (This is actually a disadvantage, see the cons list).
cons
- Needs PHP wrapper code.
- Can not encode Objects of classes missing the __set_state method.
- When using an opcode cache your cache file will be stored in the opcode cache. If you do not need a persistant cache this is useless, most opcode caches support storing values in the shared memory. If you don't mind storing the cache in memory, use the shared memory without writing the cache to disk first.
- Another disadvantage is that your stored file has to be valid PHP. If it contains a parse error (which could happen when your script crashes while writing the cache) your application will not work anymore.
Benchmark
In my benchmark I used 5 different data sets with different sizes (measured in memory usage): 904B, ~18kB, ~250kB, ~4.5MB and ~72.5MB. For each of these data sets I did the following routine for each encoding method:
- Encode the data 10 times
- Calculate the string length of the encoded data
- Decode the encoded data 10 times
Results
Yay, results! In the result tables you see the length of the encoded string, the total time used for encoding and the total time used for decoding. The benchmark was done on my laptop: 2.53GHz, 4GB, Ubuntu linux, PHP 5.3.0RC4.
| 904 B array | JSON | Serialization | var_export / include |
|---|---|---|---|
| Length | 105 | 150 | 151 |
| Encoding | 0.0000660419464111 | 0.00004696846008301 | 0.00014996528625488 |
| Decoding | 0.0011160373687744 | 0.00092697143554688 | 0.0010221004486084 |
| 18.07 kB array | JSON | Serialization | var_export / include |
|---|---|---|---|
| Length | 1965 | 2790 | 3103 |
| Encoding | 0.0005040168762207 | 0.00035905838012695 | 0.001352071762085 |
| Decoding | 0.0017290115356445 | 0.0011298656463623 | 0.0056741237640381 |
| 290.59 kB array | JSON | Serialization | var_export / include |
|---|---|---|---|
| Length | 31725 | 45030 | 58015 |
| Encoding | 0.0076849460601807 | 0.0057480335235596 | 0.02099609375 |
| Decoding | 0.014955997467041 | 0.010177850723267 | 0.030472993850708 |
| 4.54 MB array | JSON | Serialization | var_export / include |
|---|---|---|---|
| Length | 507885 | 720870 | 1059487 |
| Encoding | 0.13873195648193 | 0.11841702461243 | 0.38376498222351 |
| Decoding | 0.29870986938477 | 0.21590781211853 | 0.53850317001343 |
| 72.67 MB array | JSON | Serialization | var_export / include |
|---|---|---|---|
| Length | 8126445 | 11534310 | 19049119 |
| Encoding | 2.3055040836334 | 2.7609040737152 | 6.2211949825287 |
| Decoding | 4.5191099643707 | 8.351490020752 | 8.7873070240021 |
We've done the same benchmark on eight other machines including Windows and Mac OS machines and some webservers running Debian. Some of these machines had PHP 5.2.9 installed, others already switched to 5.3.0. All had the same (relative) results, except for a macbook in which serialize was faster encoding the largest dataset.
Conclusion
As you can see the var_export (without opcode cache!) method doesn't come out that well and serialize seems to be the overall winner. What bothered me though was the largest dataset in which JSON became faster than serialize. Wondering whether this was a glitch or a trend I fired up my OpenOffice spreadsheet and created some charts:
The charts show the relative speed of each method compared to the fastest method (so 100% is the best a method can do). As you can see both JSON and var_export become relatively faster when the data set gets big (arrays of 70MB and bigger? Maybe you should reconsider the structure of your data set :)). So when using a sane sized data array: use serialize. When you want to go crazy with large data sets: use anything you like, disk i/o will become your bottleneck.
Reactions on "Cache a large array: JSON, serialize or var_export?"
| 1 2 3 4 | Last page | |
garfix | Placed on: 07-09-2009 16:30 |  Quote |
Patrick van Bergen  to be continuum | Good job, Taco. Wish php.net had these kinds of stats. | |
Geert | Placed on: 08-04-2009 10:16 | Quote |
Very useful benchmarks. Thanks. | ||
Ries van Twisk | Placed on: 08-13-2009 04:52 | Quote |
Do you happen to have any results where you have used an opcode
cache? I can only imagine that with an upcode cache the var_export method is faster. Pure theoretically this would mean that with an include the data is 'there' and shouldn't have to be parsed anymore. Ries | ||
Peter Farkas | Placed on: 09-29-2009 16:56 | Quote |
This style is the one I like so much! Thank you! Brilliant work! | ||
Vasilis | Placed on: 01-15-2010 10:27 | Quote |
Great info man... I like benchmarks! Thank you | ||
Nice work! | Placed on: 03-24-2010 17:35 | Quote |
Thanks a million - refreshing to see solid content. Concise and well documented, perfect. | ||
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cws1989 | Placed on: 08-25-2010 05:13 | Quote |
Thanks for the pros and cons of different methods and the
benchmark, it helps very much. But you've just mentioned about
the size of the data set, may I ask how about the complexity (e.g.
how many elements in the array, how deep is it) of the tested data?
Does it proportional to the size of the data set? Thanks! | ||
GDR! | Placed on: 01-18-2011 13:56 | Quote |
Dude, benchmarks should be done in loops. 0.00004696846008301s is a
number that's very close to measurement error. The proper way
to do this test would be to run unserialize and friends 100000
times in loop, measure time of whole execution and then dvide by
100 000. You can see what I'm talking about if you run your benchmark 10 times and probably will get very differing results every time. With looped benchmark it wouldn't happen. | ||
Taco | Placed on: 01-30-2011 10:26 | Quote |
@GDR! Hmm, looks like I didn't mention the loop amount in this
test. I don't remember the exact amount of loops I used but it
would probably have been around a 1000. So what I did was something like this: $start = microtime(true); for ($i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++) { for ($j = 0; $j < 10; $j++) { $encoded = encode_method($data); } $len = strlen($encoded); for ($j = 0; $j < 10; $j++) { $decoded = decode_method($encoded); } } $end = microtime(true); $avgDuration = ($end - $start) / 1000; | ||
cachecache | Placed on: 07-03-2011 02:25 | Quote |
If you have to cache a big array ( let's say > 1 Mb
serialized), the unserialize process time will grow
exponentially. If possible you can use this hint : serialize each record. The process of unserialization for all records (the entire array) will be way faster... | ||
Mateusz Krzeszowiak | Placed on: 07-26-2011 23:20 | Quote |
Hi! I've read somewhere that fopen is the fastest way to write
files and file_get_contents to read. Can you make a test that
includes this functions for serialization methods?  | ||
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informaion on how to get parking space at cheapest price at
Luton
Meet & Greet then you can contact with the drivefly. They
are also providing parking service on car park
stansted airport. you can book in advance to get discount.
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paul | Placed on: 11-15-2011 10:50 | Quote |
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